Full Course Summary

Unit 1

The Chemistry of Life

1.1 Atomic Properties

• Atomic Bonds
• Water
• Acids & Bases

1.2 Organic Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Protein Folding
• Lipds
• Nucleic Acids

Unit 2

Cell Structure & Function

2.1 Cell Structure

• SA/V Ratios
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes

2.2 The Plasma Membrane

• Permeability
• The Fluid Mosaic Model
• Diffusion Across Membranes & Osmosis
• Passive/Active Transport
• Homeostasis
• Endocytosis & Exocytosis

2.3 Membrane Bound Organelles

• Nucleus. Ribosomes. Endoplasmic Reticulum. Golgi. Lysosome. Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton. Cillia.
• Specific to Plant Cells: Cell Wall. Large Vacuole. Chloroplasts. Plasmodesmata.

Unit 3

Cellular Energetics

3.1 Energy & Reactions

• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Exergonic/Endergonic Reactions

3.2 Enzymes

• Enzyme Structure
• Enzyme Regulation & Coenzymes

3.3 Photosynthesis

• Chloroplasts, Chlorophyll A & B, NADP+, and NADPH
• Photosynthesis Process (Light Dependent & Calvin Cycle)

3.4 Cellular Respiration

• Glycolysis
• Acetyl-Coenzyme A
• Kerb/Citric Acid Cycle
• Oxidative Phosphorylation

3.5 Fermentation

• Fermentation Process & Products

Unit 4

Cellular Communication & Cell Cycle

4.1 Cellular Communication

• Paracrine, Autocrine, Juxtacrine, and Endocrine signaling. Quorum Sensing.
• Cell Signaling Process: Reception, Transduction, Response
• Positive & Negative Feedback Loops

4.2 Cellular Divison

• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

4.3 Cell Cycle Regulation & Cancer

• Inhibition
• Cyclins & CDKs
• Causes of Cancer

Unit 5

Heredity

5.1 Meiosis

• Meiosis Vocabulary
• Sources of Genetic Diversity
• Genetic Diversity in Asexual Prokaryotes
• Meiosis I & II

5.2 Mendelian Genetics

• Law of Dominance, Segregation, and Independent Assortment
• Complete, Co, and Incomplete Dominance
• Test-Cross

5.3 Non-Mendelian Genetics

• Linked & Sex-Linked Genes
• Nondisjunction
• Modes of Inheritance
• Mitochondria & Chlorplast Inheritance
• Hypothesis Testing

Unit 6

Gene Expression & Regulation

6.1 DNA & RNA Structure

• Nucleotides
• Euchromatin & Heterochromatin

6.2 DNA Replication

• Helicase
• RNA Primase & DNA Polymerases
• Ligase and Okazaki Fragments

6.3 Central Dogma In Detail

• Transcription
• Translation
• RNA Processing (Eukaryotes Only)
• Protein Synthesis

6.4 Gene Regulation

• Prokaryote Inducer & Repressor
• Eukaryote
• Mutations and Virus Cycles

6.5 Biotech

• Bacteria Transformation Process
• Diagnosing Viral Infections
• Centrifuge, PCR, & Gel Electrophoresis

Unit 7

Natural Selection

7.1 Everything on Natural Selection

• Charles Darwin
• Lamarckian Theory

7.2 Evidence for Evolution

• Geological, Morphological, and Biochemical
• Allen's Rule

7.3 Population Genetics

• Alleles & Phenotype Frequency
• Count Method
• Hardy-Weinberg Equation & Equilibrium
• Genetic Drift, Mutations, and Gene Flow

7.4 Phylogeny & Speciation

• Speciation
• Convergent/Divergent Evolution
• Cladograms and Phylograms
• Molecular Clocks

7.5 History of Life

• Early Earth
• Extinction
• Domains of Life

Unit 8

Ecology

8.1 Organisms & the Environment

• Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs
• Density Dependent & Independent

8.2 Equations and Maths

• Population Growth
• Exponential Growth
• Logistic Growth
• Simpson's Diversity Index

8.3 Interactions Between Organisms

• Food Chains & Webs
• Predation, Competition, and Symbiosis
• Fragmentation, Trophic Cascades, and Keystone Species
• Climate Change and Humans